光在哪，神在那。

If-clauses 條件語氣

 

 

 

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I. conditional

if-clause     main clause

0. zero/ general conditional (general truth 普遍真理)

ex: If it rains in April, the crop is good.

       (present simple)          (present simple)

1. first/ particular conditional (particular situation 特殊情況)

ex: If the sun comes out, the room will be hot.

        (present simple)               (future simple)

附屬子句沒有未來式，用現在式代替。

2. second/ imaginary conditional 和現在事實相反

ex: If I were better at tennis, I would play more often. 

        (past simple)               (would + V. )

3. third/ imagined conditional 和過去事實相反

ex: If I hadn't looked in the cupboard, I wouldn't have found the hammer.

        (had + p.p.)                                      (would have + p.p. )

should       have+p.p.   過去該做，卻沒做

shouldn't   have+p.p.   過去不該做，卻做了

4. mixed conditional

If Helen had left earlier, she would be on the train.    3+2

  (had + p.p.)                        (would + V.)

If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test.  2+3

    (past simple)                                      (would have +p.p.)

I thought by now we would have learned the lesson that if we ignore overhead, we will underestimate our expenses.

 

II. other conjunctions

	When water gets into the machine, it stops working.	when= if
	As soon as the sun comes out, the room becomes warm.	as soon as = when ... immediately = if ... immediately
	Once I have money, I will buy a house.
	I will not do anyting before she arrives.
	I won't forgive him unless he apologizes.	unless = if ....not
不能講和現在事實相反的條件	In case he should come, let me know.
I will forgive him on condition that he admits his mistake.
I will forgive him provided that he ackowledges his mistake.
I will forgive him providing that he ackowledges his mistake.

 

III. omitting if

要不是	Were it not for (o 加名詞片語) Were it not for that + S. +V.  (X  for 是介係詞，不可以加子句) ex: Were it not for his hard work, I wouldn't like him.	和現在相反
But for ex: But for his hard work, I wouldn't like him.	和現在相反
Had it not for ex: Had it nor been for his help, we wouldn't have succeded.	和過去相反

 

 

※ 插入號/詞

,   ......   ,
(           )
, as ... ,	If the government imposes an import fee, as it has threatened to do for years, prices of consumer goods will increase by at least 10 percent.